世界历史发展视频人物故事揭秘三次入侵苏俄皆因酷寒而失败的悲剧
在1708年,年轻的瑞典国王查理十二世率领人马,在漫长冬天中跋涉进入欧洲大陆,这是他第一次尝试在极端寒冷的环境下进行大规模军事行动。那个冬天并非适合户外露营,而是在小冰期的煎熬中,整个欧洲被冻得硬邦邦的大北方战争爆发了。彼得一世对瑞典宣战,其目的是要把瑞典赶出波罗的海地区。当时,瑞典是一个超级强国,其势力范围包括如今的芬兰、爱沙尼亚、拉脱维亚以及俄罗斯的一部分。
起初,军队在纳尔瓦战役遭遇了比自己少很多的人数,但还是获得了一场胜利,这极大地增强了查理十二世的自信。他计划一直打到莫斯科。在这次进攻中,他使用了一种令敌人意外的手段:撤退途中放火烧掉所有房屋、庄稼和用具。结果,没有住所而又有着严重寒冷的问题,使得瑞典人改变了他们进攻路线,向南朝乌克兰进发。如果两个月之前来到这里,那将是一个理想的地方。但他们11月才到达,当记忆中的最寒冷的一个冬季即将开始。尽管最勇敢的人也无法长期抵抗恶劣自然条件,他们蜷缩在没有被俄罗斯人烧掉的小窝棚里作战。
“与我们所承受的痛苦相比,与敌人的战斗简直就像儿戏。” 查理十二世军队中的一个士兵卡尔·金塞博写道,“周围都是怒吼着风暴中的动物们冻僵在地,被冰封成石头;鸟儿从天上掉下来,就像是被枪击一样…当看到几百个曾经英勇无畏的小伙子现在却呼唤着医生来切断他们变成了白色和松软的手脚和耳朵的时候,我们的心痛,我们流泪。”
仅仅一次行军旅程就有2000名士兵因为疲惫和霜冻倒下。活下来的人手不听使唤,一直冻到了掌丘,有些人坐近火堆边烤火时突然死亡,因为迅速升温导致血液突然流入收缩过度静脉血管。一旦冬季持续下去,只剩下一些幸存者,他们已经面目全非。
除了武器及供应受到破坏,大部分牛马都死去,没有它们拖动大炮是不可能的事情。大雨还弄湿了火药,使得枪声沉闷几乎没有什么威力。在最初4.1万人的力量中,只剩下两万名幸存者,其中三分之一患病或残疾。不顾失去了那么多东西,即便如此,对于春天前夕再次主动攻击,也付出了1000条性命。此后几次交锋之后,当春天随之到来,大地由于快速融化成泥泞沼泽时,全身泥泞陷落无能为力。
1712年的夏末,查理开始攻打波尔塔瓦城,但他的1.7万余部队无法抵挡4万以逸待劳的俄罗斯士兵。这场战争标志着一个重要转折点,为沙皇彼得一世建立了强大的海军,并最终依靠它降服瑞典。而世界开始注意到沙皇彼得一世不可小觑。
1812年拿破仑带领60万法兰西“伟大的军团”征服欧洲,看似无敌。但他似乎忽略了一点,那就是不仅有严酷冬季,而且气候往往处于两个极端——烈焰炙烤或者洪水泛滥;甚至会让土壤燃烧至边缘,然后再让它凝固成冰块。
攻击刚开始,不久便遭遇暴风雨浇透每个人。而拿破仑的大军装备重型武器以及足够14天粮食出发前行,却不得不扔弃许多马车,因为轮子都被泥泞掩埋。大雨之后,又是一片荒凉景象。大热夏使部队遭受巨大损害,无帐篷只能露宿野外。靴子磨破,有些人们饮用路上的车辙里的马尿,因脱水虚弱。
Russians refused to engage the French in a decisive battle. The French advanced, and the Russians retreated. The French continued advancing, and the Russians retreated again, always finding land to retreat to. This went on for two months.
By then, Napoleon's main force had been reduced to 10 thousand men - most of whom died from heat and exhaustion rather than frostbite or anything else.
A few weeks later, Napoleon reached Moscow but found it deserted except for fires set by retreating Russian forces that had burned everything useful for any potential returning army. After three days and nights of burning, everything was ashes when the fire finally went out.
As Napoleon realized Alexander I would not surrender, he ordered a retreat on October 18th.
On November 6th, rain turned into snow that covered everything white as far as the eye could see; but France didn't prepare winter clothing; they wore dresses made of silk and fur coats taken from dead bodies for warmth.
An officer named Père wrote: "This is a long-lasting costume party; I find it very amusing."
The frozen ground became hard as ice; wagons were abandoned because they slid too easily over icy roads; many horses froze too quickly before their owners could get them back inside their homes.
When France happened upon a still intact village while fleeing Russia during winter conditions due to war damage caused by excessive use of oil lamps at night time temperatures reaching near zero degrees Celsius (32°F), an American historian commented: "Napoleon's army resembled more like 'a great murder' than soldiers."